At the beginning of the movie, expression is uniformly bright except for the C-derived dorsal epidermal cells, which express at lower levels, and can be seen a s dark patch at the posterior. unc-119::gfp expression occurs in neuronal and epidermal precursors during morphogenesis, and becomes restricted to neuronal cells later in development.Ī brightest point projection from a spinning disc confocal movie of unc-119::gfp expression. An unenclosed hole is just visible in the posterior, at an anterior-posterior position appropriate to ventral pocket cells in a wild-type embryo. The anterior cells at the same position as leading cells in wild-type embryos make successful midline contact to enclose the embryo. Abnormally large cells, at the same position as leading and pocket cells found in wild-type embryos, are clearly visible. Ventral enclosure imaged in a zen-4(w35) homozygote using ajm-1::gfp.Ī projection from a 4d multiphoton movie of an embryo expressing ajm-1::gfp (ventral view, anterior to left). Leading cells and ventral pocket cells are clearly visible. V e ntral enclosure imaged in wildtype using ajm-1::gfp.Ī projection of from a 4d multiphoton movie of an embryo expressing ajm-1::gfp (ventral view, anterior to left). Approximately 10 cells are visible on the dorsal surface of the embryo. At the beginning of the movie, the anterior region (far left) is not enclosed. Dorsal intercalation imaged in a zen-4(w35) homozygote using ajm-1::gfp.Ī projection of from a 4d multiphoton movie of an embryo expressing ajm-1::gfp (dorsal view, anterior to left). 20 cells form a ladder-like array on the dorsal surface of the embryo as intercalation completes. Dorsal intercalation imaged in wildtype using ajm-1::gfp.Ī projection of from a 4d multiphoton movie of an embryo expressing ajm-1::gfp (dorsal view, anterior to left). The mutant fails to elongate, and ruptures after ventral enclosure. Single focal plane from a 4d Nomarski movie of a zen-4(w35) homozygote (left anterior to the upper right) and a wild-type embryo (anterior at lower right). Morphogenetic defects in a zen-4(w35) homozygote imaged via 4d Nomarski microscopy. Our results indicate that zygotic zen-4 function is required for correct division of epidermal precursors, and hence indirectly for normal morphogenesis, and that the epidermal morphogenetic program is surprisingly robust even in the absence of zen-4 function. Early expression of unc-119 in epidermal precursors made this promoter unsuitable as a neuronal-specific driver in this context. Driving expression of wild-type zen-4 via an epithelial-specific transgene can rescue many epidermal morphogenetic defects in zen-4 mutants. ![]() Temperature shift experiments and analysis of zen-4::gfp expression confirm that the epidermal requirement for zen-4 function precedes morphogenesis. ![]() We report that zen-4(w35) homozygotes exhibit stochastic failures in cytokinesis in multiple lineages. Remarkably, multinucleate epidermal cells show directional migration, even when there are as few as half the normal number of cells. ![]() elegans, but was originally identified in a screen for zygotic lethal, enclosure abnormal (Zen) mutants. ZEN-4/MKLP1 is required maternally for cytokinesis in C. Zygotic loss of ZEN-4/MKLP1 results in disruption of epidermal morphogenesis in the C. Hardin, J., King, R., Thomas-Virnig, C., and Raich, W.B. Supplemental material for the following paper: Raich 2ġ Department of Zoology, 2 Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, and 3 Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53706Ĥ Present address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53706 Jeff Hardin 1,2,5, Ryan King 2, Christina Thomas-Virnig 3,4, and William B.
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